![]() Intake recommendations for chromium and other nutrients are provided in the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) developed by an expert committee of the FNB at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. However, no validated methods for determining chromium status and no clinically defined chromium deficiency state exist. Hair levels might reflect past chromium intakes, and some studies have measured chromium levels in hair, sweat, serum, and toenails. However, because these levels are closely related to recent chromium intakes, they are not good indicators of chromium body stores. Urinary chromium levels are therefore a good indicator of chromium absorption. Ĭhromium is excreted mainly in the urine. Chromium accumulates mainly in the liver, spleen, soft tissue, and bone. In the blood, most chromium is bound to plasma proteins, particularly transferrin, and only about 5% is unbound. However, in 2014, the European Food Safety Authority Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies concluded that no convincing evidence shows that chromium is an essential nutrient and, therefore, setting chromium intake recommendations would be inappropriate. The FNB has not evaluated chromium since 2001. However, recent research has suggested that although chromium might have benefits at pharmacologic amounts (e.g., in the hundreds of mcg), it is not an essential mineral because an absence or deficiency of chromium does not produce abnormalities that can be reversed with the addition of chromium (see the Chromium Deficiency section below). In 2001, the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine considered chromium to be an essential nutrient based on its effects on insulin action. Chromium might also have antioxidant effects. Although the precise mechanism for this activity has not been identified, scientists have proposed that chromium binds to an oligopeptide to form chromodulin, a low-molecular-weight, chromium-binding substance that binds to and activates the insulin receptor to promote insulin action. This fact sheet focuses entirely on trivalent chromium.Ĭhromium might play a role in carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism by potentiating insulin action. Chromium also exists as hexavalent (+6) chromium, a toxic by-product of stainless steel and other manufacturing processes. IntroductionĬhromium, as trivalent (+3) chromium, is a trace element that is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. For a general overview of Chromium, see our consumer fact sheet on Chromium. Primer paint containing hexavalent chromium is still widely used for aerospace and automobile refinishing applications.This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals. Hexavalent chromium is also one of the substances whose use is restricted by the European Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive.Īs chromium compounds were used in dyes and paints and the tanning of leather, these compounds are often found in soil and groundwater at abandoned industrial sites, now needing environmental cleanup and remediation per the treatment of brownfield land. World Health Organization recommended maximum allowable concentration in drinking water for chromium (VI) is 0.05 milligrams per liter. An investigation into hexavalent chromium release into drinking water formed the plot of the motion picture Erin Brockovich. Chromium(VI) is an established human carcinogen. Chronic exposure to chromium (VI) compounds can cause permanent eye injury, unless properly treated. Most chromium (VI) compounds are irritating to eyes, skin and mucous membranes. ![]() The lethal dose of poisonous chromium (VI) compounds is about one half teaspoon of material. However, hexavalent chromium (chromium VI) compounds can be toxic if orally ingested or inhaled. "Ĭhromium metal and chromium(III) compounds are not usually considered health hazards chromium is an essential trace mineral. In the United States the dietary guidelines for daily chromium uptake were lowered from 50-200 µg for an adult to 35 µg (adult male) and to 25 µg (adult female). Recently it was shown that the popular dietary supplement chromium picolinate complex generates chromosome damage in hamster cells. Cr(VI) has not been established as a carcinogen when not inhaled but in solution it is well established as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). In contrast, hexavalent chromium is very toxic and mutagenic when inhaled as publicized by the film Erin Brockovich. "Trivalent chromium (Cr(III), or Cr3+) is required in trace amounts for sugar metabolism in humans (Glucose Tolerance Factor) and its deficiency may cause a disease called chromium deficiency. ![]() In germany you can buy it in every drugstore. was nervous all the time and couldn t sleep. I was taking this few years back for energy and weighloss but for me it didn t work. ![]()
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